Dex Automation

Have you heard of the “mutilated chessboard” problem? The chess board to the left has its opposing corners removed,
leaving sixty-two squares instead of the usual sixty-four. The domino below it will perfectly cover two squares.
Is it possible to arrange thirty-one such dominos so they cover all sixty-two squares? Think about it and settle on an answer before reading further.

In his book Fermat’s Enigma, Simon Singh uses this puzzle to demonstrate the difference between a
scientific theory and a mathematical proof.

According to Singh, a scientist tries to solve a problem through experimentation. The scientist may arrange the dominos in many different configurations.
After many failures, the scientist may conclude that the sixty-two squares cannot be covered by thirty-one dominos. Can the scientist be sure after testing only
a fraction of the millions of possibilities?

A mathematician, on the other hand, strives to develop an infallible proof. An example follows:

• The chess board contains thirty-two black squares and thirty white squares.
• Each domino covers two neighboring squares, a black one and a white one.
• The first thirty dominos cover thirty black squares and thirty white squares, leaving two black squares and zero white ones.
• The two black squares cannot be adjacent, and therefore cannot be covered by the remaining domino.
• Therefore, it is impossible to cover all sixty-two squares with thirty-one dominos.

Who can argue with that?

By the way, if you are the type of person who finds my website useful, then you are probably the type of person who will thoroughly enjoy
Simon Singh’s books. I highly recommend his Fermat’s Enigma.

With all the new-fangled multifunction instrumentation available nowadays, it is easy to forget about the old tried and true measurement techniques. I believe the old adage, “the simplest solution is usually the best solution.” For example, I like the simplicity and elegance of a bubble tube. A bubble tube is a tube (typically ¼ inch to ¾ inch tubing or pipe) that is inserted into a tank a fixed distance from the bottom. The liquid is pushed out of the bubble tube with air or nitrogen, which is metered through a purge meter. The resulting backpressure is proportional to liquid level or density and is usually measured with a differential pressure transmitter. Bubble tubes can be used to measure liquid level, interface level, and density in open tanks.

Liquid Level

I show the transmitter at the top of the tank in the following figure, but it and the purge meter can be located anywhere. Referring to the figure, suppose A = 100 inches, B = 20 inches, and the liquid specific gravity is 0.8. The transmitter’s lower range value (LRV) is 20 * 0.8 = 16 inches of water. The transmitter’s upper range value is (100 + 20) * 0.8 = 100 inches of water. Therefore, the transmitter’s calibration range is 16 – 100 inches of water. However, I usually make B = 0, which makes A = 120. In that case, the calibration range is 0 – 100 inches of water.

Interface Level (One Bubble Tube)

If the overall tank level remains constant, as with a constantly overflowing tank, a single bubble tube can be used to measure interface level. Referring to the following figure, suppose A = 100 inches, B = 20 inches, SG₁ = 0.8, and SG₂ = 1.0. The transmitter’s lower range value (LRV) is (100 * 0.8) + (20 * 1.0) = 100 inches of water. The transmitter’s upper range value (URV) is (100 + 20) * 1.0 = 120 inches of water. Therefore, the transmitter’s calibration range is 100 – 120 inches of water.

In many cases, however, a tank’s overall level varies several inches as its incoming flow varies. This variation induces significant error in the measured variable. In the previous example, the transmitter’s span is 20 inches of water. An overall level change of only two inches (the radius of the overflow pipe, for example) will cause about ten percent error. The following two tube system will eliminate the error.

Interface Level (Two Bubble Tubes)

An interface level system with two bubble tubes will eliminate the error caused by a varying tank level. The second bubble tube is connected to the low side of the transmitter. As the overall level changes, the resulting backpressure is applied to both the high side and low side equally, thereby canceling the error.

Referring to the following figure, suppose A = 100 inches, SG₁ is 0.8, and SG₂ is 1.0. The transmitter’s lower range value (LRV) is 100 * 0.8 = 80 inches of water. The transmitter’s upper range value (URV) is 100 * 1.0 = 100 inches of water. Therefore, the transmitter’s range is 80 – 100 inches of water.

Density (One Bubble Tube)

As with interface level, if the overall tank level remains constant, a single bubble tube can be used to measure density. Referring to the following figure, suppose A = 100 inches, SG₁ = 0.8, and SG₂ = 1.0. The transmitter’s lower range value (LRV) is 100 * 0.8 = 80 inches of water. The transmitter’s upper range value (URV) is 100 * 1.0 = 100 inches of water. Therefore, the transmitter’s calibration range is 80 – 100 inches of water. For the best accuracy, make length A as long as practical, since length A determines the transmitter’s span.

Once again, a tank’s overall level may vary several inches as its incoming flow varies, and this variation induces significant error in the measured variable; hence, consider using the following two tube system instead.

Density (Two Bubble Tubes)

A density system with two bubble tubes will eliminate the error caused by a varying tank level. The second bubble tube is connected to the low side of the transmitter. As the overall level changes, the resulting backpressure is applied to both the high side and low side equally, thereby canceling the error.

Referring to the following figure, suppose A = 100 inches, SG₁ = 0.8, and SG₂ = 1.0. The transmitter’s lower range value (LRV) is 100 * 0.8 = 80 inches of water. The transmitter’s upper range value (URV) is 100 * 1.0 = 100 inches of water. Therefore, the transmitter’s calibration range is 80 – 100 inches of water. For the best accuracy, make length A as long as practical, since length A determines the transmitter’s span.

If you need to measure the level, interface level, or density in an open tank, consider using a bubble tube. You probably have everything needed in stock: a purge meter, a differential pressure transmitter, and some tubing. You can have it implemented in no time, and it will be accurate, reliable, and easy to maintain.

I just finished a great book about the secret science of cryptography: The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography by Simon Singh. It is a perfect mix of science and history that documents the evolution of cryptography – the battle between cipher makers and cipher breakers – and how it influenced and continues to influence history. Although much of the book deals with governmental agencies and academia, my favorite story took place in the Wild West, involved cowboys, a buried treasure, and encrypted papers describing its location. It is the story of “The Beale Papers.”

In January 1820, Thomas J. Beale, a man with “jet black eyes and hair of the same color,” rode into Lynchburg, Virginia and checked into the Washington Hotel. The hotel and its owner, Robert Morriss, “were held in high regard” throughout Virginia and Morriss’ reputation as an excellent manager “extended even to other states.” Beale spent the entire winter with Morriss and became very popular with the locals. Yet he revealed nothing about his personal life, his past, or the purpose of his visit. He suddenly left Lynchburg at the end of March.

Beale reappeared two years later, in January of 1822. This time, though, he gave Morriss a locked box containing “papers of value and importance.” Morriss put the box in his safe and promptly forgot about it. Beale mysteriously disappeared again in the spring. Then in May, Morriss received a letter from Beale revealing the significance of the box. It contained “papers vitally affecting the fortunes” of Beale and his business partners. Beale instructed Morriss to guard the box with “vigilance and care” until he or someone with authority from him returned for it, or, if no one returns for it, “for a period of ten years from the date of this letter.” The box contained a letter addressed to Morriss and papers “unintelligible without the aid of a key…” The letter goes on to say, “Such a key I have left in the hand of a friend in this place, sealed and addressed to yourself, and endorsed not to be delivered until June 1832. By means of this you will understand fully all you will be required to do.”

Beale never returned for the box, and the letter explaining how to decipher its contents never arrived. Morriss finally opened the box in 1845. It contained a note from Beale and three enciphered sheets. The note explained how Beale and twenty-nine of his hunting buddies stumbled upon a vein of gold in a cleft of some rocks while hunting buffalo north of Santa Fe. They spent the next eighteen months mining the site and accumulating large quantities of gold and silver. Then, in 1822, Beale traveled to Lynchburg with the treasure to find a suitable location to bury it. On this occasion, Beale first stayed in the Washington Hotel and met Morriss. Beale buried the treasure and left Lynchburg at the end of winter to rejoin his men at the mine. After eighteen more months of mining, Beale returned to Lynchburg with another load of treasure and the lock box containing the three enciphered sheets. The first sheet revealed the treasure’s location. The second sheet described the treasure’s contents. The third
sheet listed the people who should receive a share of the treasure. Without the promised key, however, Morriss toiled the next twenty years trying to decipher the three sheets. Morriss enlisted the help of an unidentified friend in 1862. The friend successfully deciphered the second Beale Cipher, revealing the treasure’s immense value. The friend spent copious time trying to decipher the other two sheets, especially the first one. He failed to decipher them, however, and the papers brought him nothing but heartache. Therefore, to rid himself of the responsibility, he published the ciphers and Morriss’ account of the story in 1885. The Beale Papers have been baffling treasure hunters and professional cryptanalysts ever since. Do you have a little spare time on your hands? Solve this mystery and earn fame and fortune! Everything you need is in this reprint of “The Beale Papers.”

For a full account of this story and many more like it, I highly recommend Simon Singh’s The Code Book.